Analyzers for Archaeological Science

Equipment for Archaeological Applications

Portable and benchtop XRF analyzers are widely used in specialized research institutes, museums, and conservation labs. Compact handheld models (such as ProSpector 3) and mobile mini-laboratories allow on-site elemental analysis directly at excavation sites without transporting samples. This saves significant time and boosts research efficiency.

Most archaeological finds are metals/alloys or ceramics.

• Metal and alloy analysis is routine even for portable devices.
• Ceramic analysis requires a specialized approach due to matrix effects and light elements.

Methodology for Ceramic Analysis

Calibration uses 11 standard ceramic reference samples with varying element contents to establish responses for eight key oxides: Na₂O, MgO, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, K₂O, CaO, TiO₂.

Concentration calculation relies on the fundamental parameters method, assuming all elements are present as oxides. Loss on ignition (LOI) cannot be measured directly by XRF, so it must be determined separately (e.g., gravimetrically) and applied as a correction factor for improved accuracy.

X-ray tube operating modes are optimized for maximum sensitivity to target elements. Typical measurement time for high accuracy is 30–60 seconds.

Conclusions

Results show excellent correlation between certified reference values and measured oxide concentrations in ceramic samples. XRF analyzers deliver fast, accurate, reproducible, and non-destructive analysis of archaeological artifacts — preserving their integrity while providing critical compositional data for provenance, technology, dating, and conservation studies. This makes them an indispensable tool in modern archaeological science.